ANALYSIS

The Last Time Germany Was Cut Off

June 24, 1948. West Berlin.

Soviet forces halted all surface traffic into the western half of the city. About 2.1 million people woke up cut off by land. The Western allies had two choices: give up the city or feed it from the sky. They chose the sky.

American and British planes flew round the clock. At the peak, one landed every 63 seconds. In all, the airlift delivered more than 2.3 million tons of supplies. The Soviets lifted the blockade on May 11, 1949, and the flights ran on into the autumn.

Last Thursday, November 5, German Chancellor Friedrich Merz spoke at an economic conference in Berlin and proposed that Europe “build up stockpiles in Brussels, at the European level.” He gave the reason in one line: “Without critical raw materials, there would be no batteries, no high-performance electric motors, no modern semiconductors.”

The timing is everything. Tomorrow, November 10, China’s pause on its October 2025 rare earth export rules expires. The pause came out of the November 2025 trade truce between Beijing and Washington. If it lapses, five more elements, an extraterritorial rule, and limits on mining, refining, and magnet technology come back. China’s April 2025 licensing for seven medium and heavy rare earths never stopped, so buyers of those already ask Beijing for approval, shipment by shipment. As of November 5, China had not published an extension. Washington and Beijing have both named January 10, 2027 for the broader truce, but that date is not in any legal text.

Prices outside China moved up this week. Shanghai Metals Market put dysprosium oxide in Rotterdam bonded storage at $3,300–$4,200 per kilogram, up $150, and gadolinium oxide at $2,700–$3,000, up $100. Inside China, Pr-Nd oxide fell to a weekly low of 697,000–700,000 yuan per tonne, then rebounded to 710,000–714,000. Benchmark Mineral Intelligence found that dysprosium oxide delivered to Europe traded at 16.3 times the Chinese domestic price in late September, up from 6.8 times at the end of June.

Merz is not the first to ask for a stockpile. EU industry chief Stéphane Séjourné floated a central buying authority in November 2025, and in May the EU shortlisted tungsten and rare earths for a first joint stockpile. The European Commission also selected 46 strategic raw material projects last month. Those projects are the supply side. A stockpile is different: it means buying metals now, at today’s prices, and storing them so there is something to draw on when shipments stop.

Seventy-eight years after the airlift, a German chancellor is asking Europe to fill the warehouse before the next shipment is in doubt. China refines roughly 90% of the world’s rare earths, and the pause ends with one day left on the clock.

 
Neodymium
$175/kg
▲ 17.5% YTD
 
Praseodymium
$182/kg
▲ 26.3% YTD
 
Dysprosium
$2,166/kg
▲ 377.2% YTD
 
Terbium
$4,594/kg
▲ 131.6% YTD
Source: Strategic Metals Invest · Western retail · Nov 3, 2026 · USD/kg · YTD vs Jan 1
 
La
 
Ce
 
Pr
 
Nd
 
Sm
 
Eu
 
Gd
 
Tb
 
Dy
 
Ho
 
Er
 
Yb
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Also This Week
Deals
Viridis Signs a Binding Offtake With Solvay Worth About $915 Million
Australia’s Viridis Mining and Minerals signed a binding offtake with Belgium’s Solvay for mixed rare earth carbonate from its Colossus project in Brazil. The deal covers seven elements: neodymium, praseodymium, dysprosium, terbium, samarium, yttrium, and gadolinium. Solvay will take at least 70% of forecast production. Take-or-pay minimums run six years from 2029, and Viridis expects them to underpin about $915 million in revenue, based on contractual price floors. Deliveries start with first production, targeted for 2028, and run to the end of 2034. A technology licensing agreement, under which Solvay would help refine the product in Brazil, is still under discussion.
Mining
Norway Approves a €24 Million Pilot Plant at Fen
Rare Earths Norway approved a €24 million pilot plant at Ulefoss to test processing of ore from the Fen deposit in Telemark. Fen holds an estimated 15.9 million tonnes of rare earth oxides, the largest estimate in Europe, though only 1.7 million tonnes are in the Indicated category. The pilot is planned to run 6,000 tonnes of ore over three years from the third quarter of 2027, with Innovation Norway and the Telemark Development Fund contributing €7.3 million. Commercial extraction is targeted for the early 2030s. Fen holds neodymium and praseodymium, the magnet metals.
Defense
REalloys and the Army Sign a Nonbinding Term Sheet in Utah
REalloys and the U.S. Army signed a term sheet for an enhanced use lease on about 200 acres at Tooele Army Depot, where REalloys would process and refine dysprosium and terbium. The term is 50 years with one 25-year renewal option. The Army would get a right of first offer on the product but is not required to buy, and no definitive lease is assured. REalloys also says it plans to build the largest heavy rare earth metallization facility outside China, targeting about 30 tonnes of dysprosium metal and 15 tonnes of terbium metal a year.
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“Without critical raw materials, there would be no batteries, no high-performance electric motors, no modern semiconductors and none of the many other technologies on which our economies will depend in the future.”
– Friedrich Merz, Chancellor of Germany · Berlin, November 5, 2026
58
Ce
Cerium
140.12
The Rare Earth Nobody Wants, and Every Mine Produces
Cerium is the most abundant rare earth in the Earth’s crust. It goes into catalytic converters, glass polishing, and diesel additives. It is also a by-product problem. In the latest resource estimate for Norway’s Fen, the largest deposit in Europe, neodymium and praseodymium make up only 19% of the oxides. Most of what comes out of the ground is something else. You cannot reach the NdPr everyone wants without separating all of it. Every mine that opens outside China will have to deal with that other 81%, and the projects that find buyers for it will have better economics than the rest.
AROUND THE MARKET

European Spot Prices Surge Ahead of November 10

Dysprosium oxide in Europe surged last week to a range of $2,500–$3,500. Gadolinium oxide rose $100 to $2,700–$3,000. Traders are pricing in the risk that China’s export control pause expires tomorrow with no confirmed extension.

China’s Pr-Nd Oxide Slides to 714,000–716,000 Yuan by Friday

Domestic Pr-Nd oxide dropped to 714,000–716,000 yuan per ton by Friday. Downstream magnet and motor plants are sitting on their hands, waiting to see what happens after the deadline passes.

EU Commission Fast-Tracks 46 Strategic Raw Material Projects

The European Commission selected 46 projects across the bloc for faster permitting and priority access to public and private funding. The list spans mining, refining, and recycling under the Critical Raw Materials Act — part of Europe’s push to cut its dependence on China before the next supply shock.

Defense Contractors Still Not Disclosing Rare Earth Magnet Costs

A Rare Earth Exchanges review found that major U.S. defense companies do not break out magnet-related rare earth costs in their annual filings. With the January 2027 DFARS ban on Chinese-origin magnets approaching, that gap leaves investors guessing at the true exposure across the sector.

Read more from Element 17