SUPPLY CHAIN

American Terbium Passes Japan's Toughest Test

September 7, 2010. East China Sea. A Chinese fishing trawler rammed two Japanese Coast Guard ships near the Senkaku Islands. Japan detained the captain. Two weeks later, China stopped all rare earth shipments to Japan.

The effect was instant. Japan relied on China for about 90% of its rare earth imports at the time. Without feedstock from China, factories went idle. Terbium prices jumped about 900% over the next year.

Japan's magnet makers said never again. They spent 16 years hunting for a supplier outside China. Last week, they found one in Utah.

Energy Fuels announced on August 19 that its terbium oxide passed every test set by one of the world's largest rare earth magnet makers outside China. The material comes from the White Mesa Mill in southeastern Utah. The approval is final — no more testing, no more waiting. The material can go straight to the production line.

That matters because terbium is the rarest and most costly of the four magnet rare earths. One tonne sells for about $4 million on Western markets. That's more per kilogram than gold. Only a few plants outside China can refine it to that grade. White Mesa is now one of the few whose product has a confirmed buyer.

Energy Fuels already had its NdPr oxide and dysprosium oxide cleared by a major South Korean manufacturer. Terbium was the last piece. With all three approved, the company can supply the full magnet recipe from a single American site.

But oxides are just the middle of the chain. Magnets need metals, alloys, and plants to shape them. So Energy Fuels has been buying its way downstream. Its deal for Australian Strategic Materials — which owns a rare earth metals plant in South Korea — was set to close on August 28. And it has a $1.9 billion deal pending for Vacuumschmelze, a German magnet maker with a plant in South Carolina. That plant can scale to 12,000 tonnes of magnets per year.

If both deals close, Energy Fuels will control every step from ore to finished magnet across four countries. That kind of chain didn't exist outside China a year ago.

The question now is speed. China's export controls snap back on November 10. That's 71 days from today. Once they do, every magnet maker outside China will need non-Chinese supply. Terbium. Dysprosium. NdPr. Energy Fuels is one of the only firms that can offer all three — from American soil.

Sixteen years ago, a fishing boat dispute shut down Japan's magnet industry overnight. This time, the bet is that the supply chain won't depend on one country. White Mesa just became one of the reasons it might not.

 
Neodymium
$244.90/kg
▲ +64% YTD
 
Praseodymium
$245.40/kg
▲ +70% YTD
 
Dysprosium
$930.70/kg
▲ +105% YTD
 
Terbium
$4,028.50/kg
▲ +103% YTD
Prices: Strategic Metals Invest & Benchmark, western retail benchmarks, late August 2026
 
La
 
Ce
 
Pr
 
Nd
 
Sm
 
Eu
 
Gd
 
Tb
 
Dy
 
Ho
 
Er
 
Yb
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ALSO THIS WEEK

DEALS

USA Rare Earth Locks In $1.55 Billion for Serra Verde

USA Rare Earth closed the funding for a special vehicle that will buy all of Serra Verde's rare earth output. The Department of War put up $750 million — $250 million more than first planned. A major bank added $500 million in senior debt. The government also signed a purchase deal: at least $300 million in rare earth products over five years, with floor prices locked in. That clears one of the last steps for the $2.8 billion Serra Verde deal. The vote came on August 28.

POLICY

DOE Hands $10 Million to Critical Minerals Research

The DOE gave $10 million to seven research projects through its Critical Materials Hub. The targets: heavy rare earths, gallium, and copper. Four of the seven focus on pulling gallium from waste — bauxite residue, zinc refinery residues, mining byproducts, and industrial residue streams. No new mines needed. The funding came one week after DOE's bigger $162 million award for mine tailings. Total for August: $172 million in rare earth and minerals R&D.

ANALYSIS

Three Companies, Three Paths to the Same Finish Line

Metal Tech News looked at the three U.S. firms racing to build mine-to-magnet rare earth chains. MP started at the mine. Mountain Pass, out in the desert. It's working down to magnets in Fort Worth. USA Rare Earth started at magnets in Stillwater, Oklahoma, and is working up to mines through Serra Verde in Brazil. Energy Fuels started in the middle — White Mesa refining — and is building both ways. Each path carries different risks. All three chase the same goal: a chain that doesn't touch China.

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"Successful qualification of our terbium oxide by one of the largest Japanese rare earth permanent magnet manufacturers represents one of the strongest endorsements of our product quality and industry-leading rare earth processing capabilities."
— Ross Bhappu, President & CEO, Energy Fuels, August 19, 2026
39
Y
Yttrium
The Element

Yttrium was the first rare earth ever found. A Finnish chemist pulled it from a rock near the town of Ytterby, Sweden, in 1794. Three more rare earths — terbium, erbium, and ytterbium — were later named after the same town. Today yttrium goes into LED screens, jet engine coatings, and the YAG lasers eye doctors use.

Inside China, yttrium oxide trades at about $8 per kg. Outside China, it hit $1,100 per kg by May 2026 — a 140-to-1 gap, the widest of any rare earth. Idaho Strategic just found yttrium-rich rock at four surface sites along a 3.2 km stretch at its Diamond Creek project — one of the few new U.S. sources.

AROUND THE MARKET

Idaho Strategic Finds Heavy Rare Earths at Diamond Creek

Idaho Strategic (NYSE: IDR) found heavy rare earths, including yttrium, at four sites in its Diamond Creek project in Idaho. The ore sits at the surface near a road cut — no drilling needed to pull a bulk sample. More fieldwork and lab tests are planned this season.

NdPr Alloy Edges Higher as August Pullback Slows

NdPr alloy crept up 0.49% to $133.67/kg on the China benchmark. Neodymium metal held flat at $145.48/kg. Both cooled off after July's 21% and 20% jumps. Heavy rare earths kept sliding — holmium, ytterbium, and lutetium all fell 4–11%.

REMX Dips Below $80

The VanEck REMX ETF closed at $79.16 on August 27, down from $80.75 a few days before. The fund's 52-week range runs from $57 to $112. It's sitting closer to its low than its high.

Yttrium Oxide Gap Hits 140-to-1 Between China and the West

Yttrium oxide goes for about $8/kg inside China. Outside China, the price hit $1,100/kg by May 2026. That's a 140-to-1 gap — wider than dysprosium (7-to-1) or terbium (5-to-1). No rare earth has a bigger spread.

Read more from Element 17